Antonio Gramsci
Theory of Passive Revolution
Keywords:
Gramsci, Passive Revolution, Molecular Transformation, Collective Will, Economic DeterminismAbstract
The origin of Gramsci’s theory of “passive revolution” is “Saggio critico sula rivoluziona di Napoli” (1801) written by Vincenzo Cuoco. Cuoco uses the concept of “passive revolution” to describe the first period of the Italian Risargimento. The way of using the concept of passive revolution has completely changed and enriched in Gramsci. The reason for Gramsci’s producing this concept is to give an explanation of thisunity between the superstructure and the substructure at the political level when faced with the resistance of the different political forms of pitalism -an existing resistance at some stage in history between production forces and production relations. The term “passive revolution” is essentially an expansion of the subjective dimension, which remains undisputed for a long time in Marx; it is a critique of those who are stuck in the mate-
riality of the present. While developing the “passive revolution” theory, Gramsci regards these two propositions, taken by him as a starting point, in connection with the question of the creation of collective will, in other words, with the problem of the political party. According to Gramsci, the criterion of “molecular transformation” can be applied to the concept of “passive revolution”. The molecular transformation experienced by the passive revolution gradually changes the vital forces and becomes the source of a new formation without realizing it. The passive revolution occurs in two
forms, the molecular transformation in the individual sphere and the mo
lecular transformation in the social sphere [...]
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