An Examination of the Moral Dimension of Politics in Machiavelli, Based on the Criticism of Frederick the Great

Abstract

When the relationship between politics and morality is discussed, one of the first names that springs to mind is Machiavelli. His famous work, Il Principe [The Prince], has been the subject of much debate, and the philosopher’s conception of politics has been assessed both positively and negatively. Among the thinkers who criticised it negatively was Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. Anti-Machiavel, in which he critiques Machiavelli’s book, adopts a perspective that emphasises the importance of moral values in politics and argues that, rather than acting solely in pursuit of power and authority in politics, one must take virtues into account. Accordingly, the book offers criticism of Machiavelli on various points. The subject of this article is the points criticised from a moral perspective in Anti-Machiavel. In this context, the article examines the establishment of power, relations with neighbouring states, the influence of ability on governance, the use of force and violence, the organisation of armies, and the prince’s situation in terms of virtues such as generosity, honesty, and justice. The focal point of Frederick the Great’s criticisms is the problematic nature of Machiavelli’s understanding of politics in terms of morality and virtue. However, upon closer examination of Il Principe, it becomes clear that it does not advocate a conception of politics based directly on immorality. Machiavelli does not advocate immorality; rather, he argues that, when necessary, the prince may set aside moral behaviour that is generally accepted, in order to preserve power and secure the nation’s interests.